The four European powers - France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy - enjoy a long and varied history of intelligence services and activities. Many of these services have played important roles in wars, conflicts, diplomacy, politics, economics and peace-making, both within Europe and on the global arena. From the Roman world to today’s Arab Spring revolutions, intelligence has played a major role in the development of the major European powers and their military, economic and diplomatic power and influence. Intelligence played a role both in acquiring world empires and in their demise, and is today playing a crucial role in Europe’s security and foreign policies.

The conference program is online:

http://www.intelligence-history.org/IIHA_2012%20Paris_program_v30042012.pdf